PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN SUMENEP
NOMOR : 18 TAHUN 2006
TENTANG
ORGANISASI PEMERINTAH DESA
DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA
BUPATI SUMENEP
Menimbang :
Mengingat :
Menetapkan :
a. bahwa sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam Pasal 13 Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 72 Tahun 2005 sebagai pelaksanaan dari ketentuan Pasal 216 Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, dipandang perlu mengatur landasan dalam rangka memantapkan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, pembangunan dan pembinaan kemasyarakatan Desa;
b. bahwa Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Sumenep Nomor 02 Tahun 2001 tentang Organisasi Pemerintah Desa tidak sesuai dengan perkembangan keadaan sehingga perlu diganti;
c. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada huruf a, perlu mengatur Organisasi Pemerintah Desa yang dituangkan dalam suatu Peraturan Daerah.
1. Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1950 tentang Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Kabupaten dalam Lingkungan Propinsi Jawa Timur (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1950 Nomor 19 Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 09);
2. Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Perundang-Undangan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 53, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4389);
3. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2004 Nomor 125, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4437);
4. Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan Antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2004 Nomor 126, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4438);
5. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 72 Tahun 2005 tentang Desa (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2005 Nomor 158, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4587);
6. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 79 Tahun 2005 tentang Pedoman Pembinaan dan Pengawasan Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2005 Nomor 165, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4593);
7. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 15 Tahun 2006 tentang Jenis dan Bentuk Produk Hukum Daerah;
8. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Prosedur Penyusunan Produk Hukum Daerah.
Dengan Persetujuan Bersama
DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH KABUPATEN SUMENEP
DAN
BUPATI SUMENEP
MEMUTUSKAN :
PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN SUMENEP TENTANG ORGANISASI PEMERINTAH DESA.
BAB I
KETENTUAN UMUM
Pasal 1
Dalam Peraturan Daerah ini yang dimaksud dengan :
1. Pemerintah Kabupaten adalah Kepala Daerah beserta perangkat Daerah Otonom yang lain sebagai Badan Eksekutif Daerah Kabupaten Sumenep;
2. Kabupaten adalah Kabupaten Sumenep;
3. Bupati adalah Bupati Sumenep;
4. Desa adalah kesatuan masyarakat hukum yang memiliki batas-batas wilayah yang berwenang untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat setempat, berdasarkan asal usul dan adat istiadat setempat yamg diakui dan dihormati dalam sistem Pemerintahan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia;
5. Pemerintah Desa adalah Kepala Desa dan Perangkat Desa;
6. Kepala Desa adalah pejabat pemerintah Desa yang mempunyai wewenang, tugas dan kewajiban untuk menyelenggarakan rumah tangga Desanya dan melaksanakan tugas dari Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah;
7. Perangkat Desa adalah unsur pembantu Kepala Desa dalam melaksanakan tugas dan kewajibannya;
8. Sekretaris Desa adalah unsur pelayananan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan Desa;
9. Kepala Dusun adalah unsur pembantu Kepala Desa di wilayah bagian Desa;
10. Badan Permusyawaratan Desa yang selanjutnya disingkat BPD adalah adalah Lembaga yang merupakan perwujudan demokrasi dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa sebagai unsur penyelenggara pemerintahan desa;
11. Peraturan Desa adalah Peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Kepala Desa atas persetujuan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa;
12. Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Desa yang selanjutnya disingkat APBDes adalah rencana operasional tahunan daripada program umum Pemerintahan dan Pembangunan Desa yang dijabarkan dan diterjemahkan dalam angka-angka rupiah, disatu pihak mengandung perkiraan target penerimaan dan dilain pihak mengandung perkiraan batas tertinggi pengeluaran keuangan Desa;
13. Tahun Anggaran adalah masa berlakunya Anggaran Desa yang sama dengan Tahun Anggaran Negara yaitu 1 Januari sampai dengan 31 Desember;
14. Kekayaan Desa adalah segala kekayaan dan sumber penghasilan bagi Desa yang bersangkutan.
BAB II
SUSUNAN ORGANISASI
Pasal 2
(1) Pemerintah Desa terdiri dari Kepala Desa dan Perangkat Desa;
(2) Perangkat Desa terdiri dari Sekretaris Desa dan perangkat desa lainnya;
(3) Perangkat desa lainnya sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) terdiri dari :
a. Sekretariat Daerah;
b. Pelaksana Teknis Lapangan;
c. Unsur Kewilayahan.
(4) Jumlah Perangkat Desa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat setempat.
BAB III
TUGAS, WEWENANG, KEWAJIBAN DAN FUNGSI
Bagian Pertama
Kepala Desa
Pasal 3
Kepala Desa mempunyai tugas menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan, pembangunan dan kemasyarakatan.
Pasal 4
(1) Kepala Desa mempunyai wewenang sebagai berikut :
a. memimpin penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa berdasarkan kebijakan yang ditetapkan bersama BPD;
b. mengajukan Rancangan Peraturan Desa;
c. menetapkan Peraturan Desa yang telah mendapat persetujuan bersama BPD;
d. menyusun dan mengajukan rancangan peraturan desa mengenai APBDes untuk dibahas dan ditetapkan bersama BPD;
e. membina kehidupan masyarakat Desa;
f. membina perekonomian Desa;
g. mengkordinasikan pembangunan desa secara partisipatif;
h. mewakili desanya didalam dan diluar Pengadilan dan dapat menunjuk kuasa hukum untuk mewakilinya sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan;
(2) Untuk melaksanakan tugas dan wewenang sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), Kepala Desa mempunyai kewajiban :
a. memegang teguh dan mengamalkan Pancasila, melaksanakan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 serta mempertahankan dan memelihara keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Inbdonesia;
b. meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat;
c. memelihara ketentraman dan ketertiban masyarakat;
d. melaksanakan kehidupan demokrasi;
e. melaksanakan prinsip tata pemerintahan desa yang bersih dan bebas dari kolusi, korupsi dan nepotisme;
f. menjalin hubungan kerja dengan seluruh mitra kerja pemerintahan desa;
g. mentaati dan menegakkan seluruh peraturan perundang-undangan;
h. menyelenggarakan administrasi pemerintahan desa yang baik
i. melaksanakan dan mempertanggungjawabkan pengelolaan keuangan desa;
j. melaksanakan tugas di kantor/balai desa pada setiap hari kerja;
k. melaksanakan urusan yang menjadi kewenangan desa;
l. mendamaikan perselisihan masyarakat di desa;
m. mengembangkan pendapatan masyarakat dan desa;
n. membina, mengayomi, dan melesatarikan nilai-nilai sosial budaya dan adat istiadat;
o. memberdayakan masyarakat dan kelembagaan di desa;
p. mengembangkan potensi sumber daya alam dan melestarikan lingkungan hidup;
(3) Selain kewajiban sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) Kepala Desa mempunyai kewajiban untuk memberikan laporan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa kepada Bupati, memberikan laporan keterangan pertanggungjawaban kepada BPD, serta menginformasikan laporan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa kepada masyarakat;
(4) Laporan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) disampaikan kepada Bupati melalui Camat 1 (satu) kali dalam 1 (satu) tahun;
(5) Laporan Keterangan Pertanggungjawaban kepada BPD sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) disampaikan 1 (satu) kali dalam 1 (satu) tahun dalam musyawarah BPD;
(6) Menginformasikan laporan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa kepada masyarakat sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) dapat berupa selebaran yang ditempelkan pada papan pengumuman atau diinformasikan secara lisan dalam berbagai pertemuan masyarakat desa atau media lainnya;
(7) Laporan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) digunakan Pemerintah Kabupaten sebagai dasar melakukan evaluasi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa dan sebagai bahan pembinaan lebih lanjut sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan;
(8) Laporan akhir masa jabatan kepala desa disampaikan kepada Bupati melalui Camat dan kepada BPD.
Bagian Kedua
Sekretaris Desa
Pasal 5
(1) Sekretariat Desa merupakan unsur Staf Pemerintah Desa dipimpin oleh seorang Sekretaris Desa yang berada dibawah dan bertanggung jawab kepada Kepala Desa;
(2) Sekretaris Desa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) sebagai Perangkat Desa.
Pasal 6
Sekretaris Desa mempunyai tugas membantu Kepala Desa dalam melaksanakan tugas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, administrasi, organisasi dan tatalaksana serta memberikan pelayanan administratif kepada seluruh Perangkat Desa dan masyarakat Desa yang bersangkutan.
Pasal 7
Untuk melaksanakan tugas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 6 Sekretaris Desa mempunyai fungsi :
a. pelaksanaan urusan surat menyurat, kearsipan dan pelaporan;
b. pelaksanaan urusan administrasi umum;
c. pelaksanaan administrasi pemerintahan, pembangunan dan kemasyarakatan;
d. pelaksanaan tugas Kepala Desa dalam hal Kepala Desa berhalangan.
Bagian Ketiga
Kepala Urusan
Pasal 8
(1) Kepala Urusan berkedudukan sebagai unsur pembantu Sekretaris Desa dalam memberikan pelayanan ketatausahaan kepada Kepala Desa sesuai dengan bidang tugasnya masing-masing;
(2) Kepala Urusan mempunyai tugas pokok melaksanakan kegiatan ketatausahaan dalam bidang tugasnya masing-masing;
(3) Kepala Urusan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat terdiri dari :
a. Kepala Urusan Umum;
b. Kepala Urusan Keuangan;
c. Kepala Urusan Perencanaan Program.
Pasal 9
Untuk melaksanakan tugas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 Kepala Urusan mempunyai fungsi pelaksanaan pencatatan, pengumpulan dan pengolahan data serta memberikan informasi yang menyangkut bidang tugasnya masing-masing.
Bagian Keempat
Unsur Pelaksana
Pasal 10
Pelaksana Teknis Lapangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 3 ayat (3) huruf b terdiri dari Jogoboyo, Jogowaluyo, Jogotirto, Modin atau sebutan lain yang jumlah dan kedudukannya disesuaikan dengan kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat desa setempat.
Bagian Kelima
Kepala Dusun
Pasal 11
(1) Kepala Dusun berkedudukan sebagai unsur pelaksana tugas Kepala Desa dalam wilayah kerjanya;
(2) Kepala Dusun mempunyai tugas pokok melaksanakan kegiatan Pemerintahan Desa di wilayah kerjanya;
(3) Kepala Dusun mempunyai fungsi :
a. pelaksanaan kegiatan pemerintahan, pembangunan dan kemasyarakatan di wilayah kerjanya;
b. pelaksanaan Keputusan dan kebijaksanaan Kepala Desa.
Bagian Keenam
Bagan Susunan Organisasi
Pasal 12
Bagan Susunan Organisasi Pemerintahan Desa sebagaimana tercantum dalam Lampiran Peraturan Daerah dan merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari Peraturan Daerah ini.
BAB IV
KEWENANGAN DESA DAN TATA KERJA
Pasal 13
Urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan Desa mencakup :
a. urusan pemerintahan yang sudah ada berdasarkan hak asal usul desa;
b. urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan kabupaten yang diserahkan pengaturannya kepada desa;
c. tugas pembantuan dari Pemerintah, Pemerintah Propinsi, dan atau Pemerintah Kabupaten;
d. urusan pemerintahan lainnya yang oleh peraturan perundang-undangan diserahkan kepada desa.
Pasal 14
(1) Tugas pembantuan dari Pemerintah, Pemerintah Propinsi dan atau Pemerintah Kabupaten kepada Desa disertai dengan pembiayaan, sarana dan prasarana serta sumber daya manusia;
(2) Dalam menyelenggarakan kegiatan Pemerintahan Desa, Aparat Pemerintah Desa menerapkan prinsip koordinasi dan sinkronisasi.
Pasal 15
(1) Dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya Sekretaris Desa, Kepala Seksi dan Kepala Dusun bertanggung jawab kepada Kepala Desa;
(2) Dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya Kepala Urusan bertanggung jawab kepada Sekretaris Desa.
Pasal 16
(1) Penjabaran organisasi dan tata kerja Perangkat Desa sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4, Pasal 5, Pasal 10 dan Pasal 14 ditetapkan dalam Peraturan Desa sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan harus mendapatkan persetujuan bersama Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD);
(2) Peraturan Desa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilaporkan oleh Kepala Desa kepada Bupati melalui Camat selambat-lambatnya 7 (tujuh) hari setelah ditetapkan.
BAB V
KETENTUAN PENUTUP
Pasal 17
(1) Dengan berlakunya Peraturan Daerah ini, Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Sumenep Nomor 02 Tahun 2001 tentang Organisasi Pemerintahan Desa dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku;
(2) Hal-hal yang belum diatur dalam Peraturan Daerah ini, sepanjang mengenai pelaksanaannya diatur dengan Peraturan Bupati.
Pasal 18
Peraturan Daerah ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan.
Agar setiap orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan Peraturan Daerah ini dengan penempatannya dalam Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Sumenep.
Ditetapkan di : Sumenep
pada tanggal : 25 Agustus 2006
BUPATI SUMENEP
ttd
KH. MOH. RAMDLAN SIRAJ, SE, MM
Minggu, 13 Juni 2010
Sabtu, 05 Juni 2010
akutansi
There are several primary reasons for the importance of inventory record accuracy, and why should we spend the time and money to ensure accurate records, some are;
It will cost less to keep the records accurate than it does to operate under your current conditions.
Your customer service will improve.
You’ll increase revenues through your improved customer service. When you tell a customer that you have the units in stock and can ship them right away, you can be sure that you do have the units in stock and can ship them right away. No more failed promises, frustration, or mad scrambles due to inventory record errors. Your employee satisfaction will grow too, because of this.
Keeping promises is a key element of top-notch customer service. When you keep promises because you know what you have and where it is, customers will notice. They’ll choose you over the competition that can’t make and keep those promises.
By starting with the inventory you have on hand. No matter when you sell product, the value of your inventory will remain constant based on accepted and rational methods of inventory accounting. Those methods include weighted average, first in/first out, and last in/first out.
Weighted average
Weighted average measures the total cost of items in inventory that are available for sale divided by the total number of units available for sale. Typically this average is computed at the end of an accounting period.
Suppose you purchase five widgets (A “widget” is an imaginary item that could be just about any product.) at $10 apiece and five widgets at $20 apiece. You sell five units of product. The weighted average method is calculated as follows:
Total Cost of Goods for Sale at Cost (divided)
Total Number of Units Available for Sale =
Weighted Average Cost per Widget
-
Five widgets at $10 each = $50
Five widgets at $20 each = $100
Total number of widgets = 10
Weighted Average = $150 / 10 = $15
$15 is the average cost of the 10 widgets
First in/first out
First, in, first out means exactly what it says. The first widgets you bring into inventory will be the first ones sold as product. First in, first out, or FIFO as it is commonly referred to, is based on the principle that most businesses tend to sell the first goods that come into inventory.
Suppose you buy five widgets at $10 apiece on January 3 and purchase another five widgets at $20 apiece on January 7. You then sell five widgets on January 30. Using first in, first out, the five widgets you purchased at $10 would be sold first. This would leave you with the five widgets that you purchased at $20, which would leave the value of your inventory at $100.
Last in/first out
This method, commonly referred to as LIFO, and is based on the assumption that the most recent units purchased will be the first units sold. The advantage of last in, first out accounting, or LIFO, is that typically the last widgets purchased were purchased at the highest price and that by considering the highest priced items to be sold first, a business is able to reduce its short-term profit, and hence, taxes.
Suppose you purchase five widgets at $10 apiece on January 4 and five more widgets at $20 apiece on February 2. You then sell five widgets on February 20. The value of your inventory, using LIFO, would be $50, since the most recent widgets purchased, at a total value of $100 on February 2, were sold. You were left with the five widgets valued at $10 each.
A cycle counting report is used by cycle counters to compare inventory records from the accounting database to physical counts in the warehouse. The sample report shown below is usually sorted by warehouse location code, so that counters can verify all items within a small area, which is the most efficient accounting method. The report has space on it to record physical inventory counts, and can also write in any adjustments. Below is a sample of a sample of Inventory Report.
The inventory should be counted in categories. There are ordinarily two levels of categorization:
1. Departments
2. Sections/Sub-departments/Locations
Use of the valuation account retains the cost of the inventory and at the same time reduces the materials inventory for statement purposes to the desired cost or market whichever is lower valuation without disturbing the materials. The preceding entry should result in the following balance sheet presentation:
Material, at cost
Less allowance for inventory decline to market
Materials, at cost or market, whichever is lower
$100,000
5,000
--------
$95,000
The net charge to cost of goods sold may be shown in the cost of goods sold statement or deducted from the ending inventory at cost, the increasing the cost of materials used. Whenever the lower of cost or market procedure is applied to each inventory item and the adjustment of materials to a lower market figure is not burdensome and the data are available early in the next year, the adjustment should be accomplished by dating the entry with the last day of the fiscal period just ended and entering in the balance section the units on hand at the unit price determined for inventory purposes. In such a case, the credit portion of the adjusting entry would be to the materials account.
A further example; Let's assume the Corner Shelf Bookstore had one book in inventory at the start of the year 2009 and at different times during 2009 purchased four identical books. During the year 2009 the cost of these books increased due to a paper shortage. The following chart shows the costs of the five books that have to be accounted for. It also assumes that none of the books has been sold as of December 31, 2009.
Number of Books
Cost per Book
Total Cost
Inventory at Dec. 31, 2008
1
@
$85
=
$ 85
First purchase (January 2009)
1
@
87
=
87
Second purchase (June 2009)
2
@
89
=
178
Third purchase (December 2009)
1
@
90
=
90
Total goods available for sale
5
$440
Less: Inventory at Dec. 31, 2009
5
440
Cost of goods sold
0
$ 0
Note - Usually, the store's computer is used to "receive" purchases into inventory and a scanning system at the checkout subtracts items from inventory as they are sold. With this system, it is often the practice to verify inventory amounts section by section throughout the year ("cycle count"). At this time, this system is cost-effective only for large supermarkets.
The retail method of taking inventory
Most of the inventory should be taken at retail, that is, at its shelf price. This is a practice established by the grocery industry decades ago due to the large number of items in a store.
References:
http://www.principlesofaccounting.com/chapter%208.htm#inventory costing methods
http://www.accountingcoach.com/online-accounting-course/12Xpg01.html
http://managementinventory.info/
http://www.businesstown.com/accounting/basic-inventory.asp
http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2008/12/inventory-forms-and-reports/
It will cost less to keep the records accurate than it does to operate under your current conditions.
Your customer service will improve.
You’ll increase revenues through your improved customer service. When you tell a customer that you have the units in stock and can ship them right away, you can be sure that you do have the units in stock and can ship them right away. No more failed promises, frustration, or mad scrambles due to inventory record errors. Your employee satisfaction will grow too, because of this.
Keeping promises is a key element of top-notch customer service. When you keep promises because you know what you have and where it is, customers will notice. They’ll choose you over the competition that can’t make and keep those promises.
By starting with the inventory you have on hand. No matter when you sell product, the value of your inventory will remain constant based on accepted and rational methods of inventory accounting. Those methods include weighted average, first in/first out, and last in/first out.
Weighted average
Weighted average measures the total cost of items in inventory that are available for sale divided by the total number of units available for sale. Typically this average is computed at the end of an accounting period.
Suppose you purchase five widgets (A “widget” is an imaginary item that could be just about any product.) at $10 apiece and five widgets at $20 apiece. You sell five units of product. The weighted average method is calculated as follows:
Total Cost of Goods for Sale at Cost (divided)
Total Number of Units Available for Sale =
Weighted Average Cost per Widget
-
Five widgets at $10 each = $50
Five widgets at $20 each = $100
Total number of widgets = 10
Weighted Average = $150 / 10 = $15
$15 is the average cost of the 10 widgets
First in/first out
First, in, first out means exactly what it says. The first widgets you bring into inventory will be the first ones sold as product. First in, first out, or FIFO as it is commonly referred to, is based on the principle that most businesses tend to sell the first goods that come into inventory.
Suppose you buy five widgets at $10 apiece on January 3 and purchase another five widgets at $20 apiece on January 7. You then sell five widgets on January 30. Using first in, first out, the five widgets you purchased at $10 would be sold first. This would leave you with the five widgets that you purchased at $20, which would leave the value of your inventory at $100.
Last in/first out
This method, commonly referred to as LIFO, and is based on the assumption that the most recent units purchased will be the first units sold. The advantage of last in, first out accounting, or LIFO, is that typically the last widgets purchased were purchased at the highest price and that by considering the highest priced items to be sold first, a business is able to reduce its short-term profit, and hence, taxes.
Suppose you purchase five widgets at $10 apiece on January 4 and five more widgets at $20 apiece on February 2. You then sell five widgets on February 20. The value of your inventory, using LIFO, would be $50, since the most recent widgets purchased, at a total value of $100 on February 2, were sold. You were left with the five widgets valued at $10 each.
A cycle counting report is used by cycle counters to compare inventory records from the accounting database to physical counts in the warehouse. The sample report shown below is usually sorted by warehouse location code, so that counters can verify all items within a small area, which is the most efficient accounting method. The report has space on it to record physical inventory counts, and can also write in any adjustments. Below is a sample of a sample of Inventory Report.
The inventory should be counted in categories. There are ordinarily two levels of categorization:
1. Departments
2. Sections/Sub-departments/Locations
Use of the valuation account retains the cost of the inventory and at the same time reduces the materials inventory for statement purposes to the desired cost or market whichever is lower valuation without disturbing the materials. The preceding entry should result in the following balance sheet presentation:
Material, at cost
Less allowance for inventory decline to market
Materials, at cost or market, whichever is lower
$100,000
5,000
--------
$95,000
The net charge to cost of goods sold may be shown in the cost of goods sold statement or deducted from the ending inventory at cost, the increasing the cost of materials used. Whenever the lower of cost or market procedure is applied to each inventory item and the adjustment of materials to a lower market figure is not burdensome and the data are available early in the next year, the adjustment should be accomplished by dating the entry with the last day of the fiscal period just ended and entering in the balance section the units on hand at the unit price determined for inventory purposes. In such a case, the credit portion of the adjusting entry would be to the materials account.
A further example; Let's assume the Corner Shelf Bookstore had one book in inventory at the start of the year 2009 and at different times during 2009 purchased four identical books. During the year 2009 the cost of these books increased due to a paper shortage. The following chart shows the costs of the five books that have to be accounted for. It also assumes that none of the books has been sold as of December 31, 2009.
Number of Books
Cost per Book
Total Cost
Inventory at Dec. 31, 2008
1
@
$85
=
$ 85
First purchase (January 2009)
1
@
87
=
87
Second purchase (June 2009)
2
@
89
=
178
Third purchase (December 2009)
1
@
90
=
90
Total goods available for sale
5
$440
Less: Inventory at Dec. 31, 2009
5
440
Cost of goods sold
0
$ 0
Note - Usually, the store's computer is used to "receive" purchases into inventory and a scanning system at the checkout subtracts items from inventory as they are sold. With this system, it is often the practice to verify inventory amounts section by section throughout the year ("cycle count"). At this time, this system is cost-effective only for large supermarkets.
The retail method of taking inventory
Most of the inventory should be taken at retail, that is, at its shelf price. This is a practice established by the grocery industry decades ago due to the large number of items in a store.
References:
http://www.principlesofaccounting.com/chapter%208.htm#inventory costing methods
http://www.accountingcoach.com/online-accounting-course/12Xpg01.html
http://managementinventory.info/
http://www.businesstown.com/accounting/basic-inventory.asp
http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2008/12/inventory-forms-and-reports/
Pertama-tama apa yang merupakan tapak ekologis?
Pertama-tama apa yang merupakan tapak ekologis? Ini adalah metrik yang memungkinkan kita untuk menghitung tekanan manusia di planet ini. Dunia Footprint. hasil Footprint sering disajikan dalam ekar global (ga), daripada hektar global. Misalnya, satu hektar AS sama dengan 0,405 hektar. (Hektar adalah sekitar ukuran lapangan sepak bola.)
Hari kemanusiaan menggunakan 1,4 planet setara untuk menyediakan sumber daya yang kita gunakan dan menyerap limbah kami. Ini berarti, sekarang mengambil Bumi satu tahun dan lima bulan untuk menumbuhkan apa yang kami gunakan dalam setahun. Jika semua orang hidup gaya hidup Amerika rata-rata kita perlu lima planet.
Hal ini menyatakan bahwa PBB Sedang skenario menunjukkan bahwa jika jumlah penduduk dan tren konsumsi melanjutkan, pada pertengahan dekade berikutnya kita akan memerlukan setara dua planet untuk mendukung kami. Dan tentu saja, kami hanya memiliki satu.
Turning sumber daya dalam limbah lebih cepat daripada limbah dapat diubah kembali menjadi sumber daya yang menempatkan kita di overshoot ekologis global, depleting sumber daya yang sangat hidup manusia dan keanekaragaman hayati tergantung. overshoot Global terjadi ketika permintaan manusia terhadap alam melebihi pasokan biosfer, atau kapasitas regeneratif. overshoot Sebuah menyebabkan penipisan mendukung kehidupan bumi modal alam dan penumpukan limbah. Pada tingkat global, defisit ekologi dan overshoot adalah sama, karena tidak ada impor-bersih sumber daya untuk planet ini. overshoot Lokal terjadi bila ekosistem lokal dieksploitasi lebih cepat daripada yang dapat memperbaharui dirinya sendiri. Overshoot juga berkontribusi terhadap konflik sumber daya dan perang, migrasi massa, kelaparan, penyakit dan tragedi-manusia lainnya dan cenderung memiliki dampak yang tidak proporsional pada masyarakat miskin, yang tidak dapat membeli jalan keluar dari masalah dengan mendapatkan sumber daya dari tempat lain.
Bahan bakar fosil, dengan memeriksa biaya sebenarnya dari bahan bakar fosil gaya hidup kita bergantung dan mengapa manusia cenderung overexploit sumber daya alam. konsumen Amerika dan bisnis sudah menghabiskan sekitar $ 700 miliar menjadi $ 1000000000000 setiap tahun pada batubara, minyak dan gas alam, dan biaya tak terhitung menderita polusi dari bahan bakar fosil melalui merusak kesehatan kita dan lingkungan. Jika Amerika terus sepanjang jalur energi bisnis seperti biasa, menghabiskan US bahan bakar fosil ini akan naik, sebesar sekitar $ 23000000000000 antara tahun 2010 dan 2030.
Hasil adalah; perikanan roboh, tutupan hutan berkurang, deplesi sistem air tawar, dan penumpukan polusi dan limbah, yang menciptakan masalah seperti perubahan iklim global. Ini adalah hanya beberapa efek yang paling terlihat dari overshoot.
Apa yang bisa kita lakukan untuk membantu melestarikan sumber daya dan mengurangi dampak lingkungan di planet ini?
Dengan menjadi lebih sadar etika lingkungan kita. etika lingkungan adalah disiplin dalam filsafat yang mempelajari hubungan moral manusia untuk, dan juga menghargai dan status moral, lingkungan dan isinya bukan manusia nya. Kemajuan teknologi umat manusia telah memungkinkan kita untuk menjadi spesies dominan di Bumi. Tetapi etika yang salah untuk menghancurkan hidup dan bagian-bagian non-hidup biosfer bumi untuk kepentingan kemajuan teknologi dari masyarakat manusia. Meskipun kebanyakan manusia di Bumi memiliki beberapa jejak bahan kimia di dalam tubuh mereka, Setidaknya kita punya satu kurang perhatian, adalah bahwa BPP bukanlah kimia yang ditemukan dalam ASI manusia.
Mengelola atau aset ekologi sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia dan keberhasilan. Seperti yang telah kita pelajari, Bumi menyediakan semua yang kita butuhkan untuk hidup dan berkembang. Jadi untuk hidup dalam berarti kita, kita sebagai individu dan lembaga di seluruh dunia harus mulai untuk mengakui batas-batas ekologi kita. Kita dapat mulai dengan menggunakan keputusan-keputusan dan menggunakan cara-cara manusia untuk menemukan cara-cara baru untuk hidup, dalam batas-batas bumi. Kami melakukan ini dengan berinvestasi dalam teknologi dan infrastruktur yang memungkinkan kita untuk beroperasi dalam suatu sumber daya dibatasi dunia. Selain itu, dengan melakukan aksi individu, dan menciptakan permintaan publik untuk bisnis dan pembuat kebijakan untuk berpartisipasi.
Lestari
Kita harus mengembangkan solusi yang melindungi kualitas hidup kita dan lingkungan. Beberapa solusi antara lain:
· Organik pertanian
· Menggunakan teknologi dengan cara-cara untuk mengurangi konsumsi dan polusi, dengan menggunakan transportasi umum jika memungkinkan.
· Keanekaragaman Hayati - Melindungi spesies
· Limbah pembuangan - Mengurangi dan penggunaan kembali
· Alternatif bahan bakar
· Perubahan pola pikir dan gaya hidup
· Buka website ini untuk ide-ide lebih lanjut tentang cara hidup lestari (klik pada link untuk "Makanan & Minuman", "House", "Taman", "Transportasi", "Kerja", "Rekreasi", "Barang", " Layanan "dan" Limbah ") http://www.naturalstrategies.com.au/sustainable_living_guide/sustainable_living_guide
Keberlanjutan:
· Daun generasi masa depan dengan Bumi yang kaya dan penuh
· Melestarikan sumber daya alam bumi
· Menjaga berfungsi penuh sistem ekologi
Melalui pembangunan berkelanjutan, kita dapat menggunakan sumber daya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan saat ini tanpa mengkompromikan ketersediaan sumber daya masa depan.
Apa yang dilakukan? Global Footprint Network dengan bangga mengumumkan peluncuran Ekologi Footprint Standar 2009. Standar membangun pada kumpulan pertama yang diakui secara internasional tapak ekologis Standar, dirilis pada tahun 2006, dan termasuk pembaruan kunci - seperti, untuk pertama kalinya, standar dan pedoman untuk menyediakan produk dan penilaian Footprint organisasi. Pemerintah pusat menggunakan Footprint yang mampu:
1. Menaksir nilai aset ekologis negara mereka
2. Memonitor dan mengelola aset
3. Mengidentifikasi risiko yang terkait dengan defisit ekologi
4. Menetapkan kebijakan yang diinformasikan oleh realitas ekologis dan membuat menjaga sumber daya sebagai prioritas utama
5. Mengukur kemajuan menuju tujuan mereka
Apa pemerintah federal, bersama dengan negara-negara, dapat lakukan untuk TAKE ACTION untuk mengurangi ketergantungan kita pada bahan bakar fosil. Mereka harus:
* Mengurangi emisi bangsa polutan pemanasan global sangat cukup untuk mencegah dampak berbahaya dari pemanasan global, dipandu oleh pemahaman ilmiah terbaru. Amerika Serikat harus mengadopsi topi emisi dan kebijakan lain yang akan mengurangi polusi pemanasan global sebesar 35 persen di bawah tingkat 2005 pada tahun 2020 dan 80 persen di bawah tingkat 2005 pada tahun 2050, dan menerapkan peraturan ketat untuk karbon "offset" untuk memastikan bahwa upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi emisi sukses.
* Pastikan bahwa program topi-dan-perdagangan digunakan untuk mencapai target mengarahkan pendapatan yang diperoleh melalui penjualan tunjangan untuk kepentingan publik. Seratus persen emisi tunjangan harus dilelang, dengan pendapatan yang digunakan untuk investasi dalam energi bersih dan manfaat konsumen.
* Pastikan bahwa Amerika menghasilkan minimal 25 persen listrik dari sumber energi terbarukan seperti angin dan tenaga surya pada tahun 2025.
* Memperkuat standar efisiensi energi dan kode untuk peralatan dan bangunan, dengan tujuan mengurangi konsumsi energi di gedung-gedung baru sebesar 50 persen pada tahun 2020 dan memastikan bahwa semua bangunan baru menggunakan nol energi bersih dengan 2030.
* Mempromosikan pengembangan dan implementasi infrastruktur transportasi yang bersih, termasuk meningkatkan ekonomi bahan bakar cahaya-dan kendaraan berat-tugas, mengurangi intensitas karbon bahan bakar transportasi, dan mempromosikan plug-in kendaraan, transportasi umum dan kereta api berkecepatan tinggi antarkota.
* Ramp up investasi tenaga surya melalui kredit pajak, target spesifik dalam standar listrik negara terbarukan, persyaratan untuk "rumah siap surya," program rabat, dan lainnya.
* Akhir subsidi untuk industri bahan bakar fosil
Tidak ada manusia yang bisa hidup pada Bumi yang tidak berfungsi. (Inilah sebabnya mengapa program ini adalah yang paling penting) tersenyum.
Referensi:
http://my.uopeople.org/mod/book/view.php?id=2191&chapterid=1700
http://www.environmentamerica.org/home/reports/report-archives/new-energy-f
Hari kemanusiaan menggunakan 1,4 planet setara untuk menyediakan sumber daya yang kita gunakan dan menyerap limbah kami. Ini berarti, sekarang mengambil Bumi satu tahun dan lima bulan untuk menumbuhkan apa yang kami gunakan dalam setahun. Jika semua orang hidup gaya hidup Amerika rata-rata kita perlu lima planet.
Hal ini menyatakan bahwa PBB Sedang skenario menunjukkan bahwa jika jumlah penduduk dan tren konsumsi melanjutkan, pada pertengahan dekade berikutnya kita akan memerlukan setara dua planet untuk mendukung kami. Dan tentu saja, kami hanya memiliki satu.
Turning sumber daya dalam limbah lebih cepat daripada limbah dapat diubah kembali menjadi sumber daya yang menempatkan kita di overshoot ekologis global, depleting sumber daya yang sangat hidup manusia dan keanekaragaman hayati tergantung. overshoot Global terjadi ketika permintaan manusia terhadap alam melebihi pasokan biosfer, atau kapasitas regeneratif. overshoot Sebuah menyebabkan penipisan mendukung kehidupan bumi modal alam dan penumpukan limbah. Pada tingkat global, defisit ekologi dan overshoot adalah sama, karena tidak ada impor-bersih sumber daya untuk planet ini. overshoot Lokal terjadi bila ekosistem lokal dieksploitasi lebih cepat daripada yang dapat memperbaharui dirinya sendiri. Overshoot juga berkontribusi terhadap konflik sumber daya dan perang, migrasi massa, kelaparan, penyakit dan tragedi-manusia lainnya dan cenderung memiliki dampak yang tidak proporsional pada masyarakat miskin, yang tidak dapat membeli jalan keluar dari masalah dengan mendapatkan sumber daya dari tempat lain.
Bahan bakar fosil, dengan memeriksa biaya sebenarnya dari bahan bakar fosil gaya hidup kita bergantung dan mengapa manusia cenderung overexploit sumber daya alam. konsumen Amerika dan bisnis sudah menghabiskan sekitar $ 700 miliar menjadi $ 1000000000000 setiap tahun pada batubara, minyak dan gas alam, dan biaya tak terhitung menderita polusi dari bahan bakar fosil melalui merusak kesehatan kita dan lingkungan. Jika Amerika terus sepanjang jalur energi bisnis seperti biasa, menghabiskan US bahan bakar fosil ini akan naik, sebesar sekitar $ 23000000000000 antara tahun 2010 dan 2030.
Hasil adalah; perikanan roboh, tutupan hutan berkurang, deplesi sistem air tawar, dan penumpukan polusi dan limbah, yang menciptakan masalah seperti perubahan iklim global. Ini adalah hanya beberapa efek yang paling terlihat dari overshoot.
Apa yang bisa kita lakukan untuk membantu melestarikan sumber daya dan mengurangi dampak lingkungan di planet ini?
Dengan menjadi lebih sadar etika lingkungan kita. etika lingkungan adalah disiplin dalam filsafat yang mempelajari hubungan moral manusia untuk, dan juga menghargai dan status moral, lingkungan dan isinya bukan manusia nya. Kemajuan teknologi umat manusia telah memungkinkan kita untuk menjadi spesies dominan di Bumi. Tetapi etika yang salah untuk menghancurkan hidup dan bagian-bagian non-hidup biosfer bumi untuk kepentingan kemajuan teknologi dari masyarakat manusia. Meskipun kebanyakan manusia di Bumi memiliki beberapa jejak bahan kimia di dalam tubuh mereka, Setidaknya kita punya satu kurang perhatian, adalah bahwa BPP bukanlah kimia yang ditemukan dalam ASI manusia.
Mengelola atau aset ekologi sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia dan keberhasilan. Seperti yang telah kita pelajari, Bumi menyediakan semua yang kita butuhkan untuk hidup dan berkembang. Jadi untuk hidup dalam berarti kita, kita sebagai individu dan lembaga di seluruh dunia harus mulai untuk mengakui batas-batas ekologi kita. Kita dapat mulai dengan menggunakan keputusan-keputusan dan menggunakan cara-cara manusia untuk menemukan cara-cara baru untuk hidup, dalam batas-batas bumi. Kami melakukan ini dengan berinvestasi dalam teknologi dan infrastruktur yang memungkinkan kita untuk beroperasi dalam suatu sumber daya dibatasi dunia. Selain itu, dengan melakukan aksi individu, dan menciptakan permintaan publik untuk bisnis dan pembuat kebijakan untuk berpartisipasi.
Lestari
Kita harus mengembangkan solusi yang melindungi kualitas hidup kita dan lingkungan. Beberapa solusi antara lain:
· Organik pertanian
· Menggunakan teknologi dengan cara-cara untuk mengurangi konsumsi dan polusi, dengan menggunakan transportasi umum jika memungkinkan.
· Keanekaragaman Hayati - Melindungi spesies
· Limbah pembuangan - Mengurangi dan penggunaan kembali
· Alternatif bahan bakar
· Perubahan pola pikir dan gaya hidup
· Buka website ini untuk ide-ide lebih lanjut tentang cara hidup lestari (klik pada link untuk "Makanan & Minuman", "House", "Taman", "Transportasi", "Kerja", "Rekreasi", "Barang", " Layanan "dan" Limbah ") http://www.naturalstrategies.com.au/sustainable_living_guide/sustainable_living_guide
Keberlanjutan:
· Daun generasi masa depan dengan Bumi yang kaya dan penuh
· Melestarikan sumber daya alam bumi
· Menjaga berfungsi penuh sistem ekologi
Melalui pembangunan berkelanjutan, kita dapat menggunakan sumber daya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan saat ini tanpa mengkompromikan ketersediaan sumber daya masa depan.
Apa yang dilakukan? Global Footprint Network dengan bangga mengumumkan peluncuran Ekologi Footprint Standar 2009. Standar membangun pada kumpulan pertama yang diakui secara internasional tapak ekologis Standar, dirilis pada tahun 2006, dan termasuk pembaruan kunci - seperti, untuk pertama kalinya, standar dan pedoman untuk menyediakan produk dan penilaian Footprint organisasi. Pemerintah pusat menggunakan Footprint yang mampu:
1. Menaksir nilai aset ekologis negara mereka
2. Memonitor dan mengelola aset
3. Mengidentifikasi risiko yang terkait dengan defisit ekologi
4. Menetapkan kebijakan yang diinformasikan oleh realitas ekologis dan membuat menjaga sumber daya sebagai prioritas utama
5. Mengukur kemajuan menuju tujuan mereka
Apa pemerintah federal, bersama dengan negara-negara, dapat lakukan untuk TAKE ACTION untuk mengurangi ketergantungan kita pada bahan bakar fosil. Mereka harus:
* Mengurangi emisi bangsa polutan pemanasan global sangat cukup untuk mencegah dampak berbahaya dari pemanasan global, dipandu oleh pemahaman ilmiah terbaru. Amerika Serikat harus mengadopsi topi emisi dan kebijakan lain yang akan mengurangi polusi pemanasan global sebesar 35 persen di bawah tingkat 2005 pada tahun 2020 dan 80 persen di bawah tingkat 2005 pada tahun 2050, dan menerapkan peraturan ketat untuk karbon "offset" untuk memastikan bahwa upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi emisi sukses.
* Pastikan bahwa program topi-dan-perdagangan digunakan untuk mencapai target mengarahkan pendapatan yang diperoleh melalui penjualan tunjangan untuk kepentingan publik. Seratus persen emisi tunjangan harus dilelang, dengan pendapatan yang digunakan untuk investasi dalam energi bersih dan manfaat konsumen.
* Pastikan bahwa Amerika menghasilkan minimal 25 persen listrik dari sumber energi terbarukan seperti angin dan tenaga surya pada tahun 2025.
* Memperkuat standar efisiensi energi dan kode untuk peralatan dan bangunan, dengan tujuan mengurangi konsumsi energi di gedung-gedung baru sebesar 50 persen pada tahun 2020 dan memastikan bahwa semua bangunan baru menggunakan nol energi bersih dengan 2030.
* Mempromosikan pengembangan dan implementasi infrastruktur transportasi yang bersih, termasuk meningkatkan ekonomi bahan bakar cahaya-dan kendaraan berat-tugas, mengurangi intensitas karbon bahan bakar transportasi, dan mempromosikan plug-in kendaraan, transportasi umum dan kereta api berkecepatan tinggi antarkota.
* Ramp up investasi tenaga surya melalui kredit pajak, target spesifik dalam standar listrik negara terbarukan, persyaratan untuk "rumah siap surya," program rabat, dan lainnya.
* Akhir subsidi untuk industri bahan bakar fosil
Tidak ada manusia yang bisa hidup pada Bumi yang tidak berfungsi. (Inilah sebabnya mengapa program ini adalah yang paling penting) tersenyum.
Referensi:
http://my.uopeople.org/mod/book/view.php?id=2191&chapterid=1700
http://www.environmentamerica.org/home/reports/report-archives/new-energy-f
First of all what is an Ecologic Footprint?
It is the metric that allows us to calculate human pressure on the planet. World Footprint. Footprint results are often presented in global acres (ga), rather than global hectares. For example; one U.S. acre is equal to 0.405 hectares. (A hectare is approximately the size of a soccer field.)
Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.4 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, it now takes the Earth one year and five months to regenerate what we use in a year. If everyone lived the lifestyle of the average American we would need five planets.
It is stated that the Moderate UN scenarios suggest that if current population and consumption trends continue, by the middle of the next decade we will need the equivalent of two Earths to support us. And of course, we only have one.
Turning resources into waste faster than waste can be turned back into resources puts us in global ecological overshoot, depleting the very resources on which human life and biodiversity depend. Global overshoot occurs when humanity's demand on nature exceeds the biosphere's supply, or regenerative capacity. An overshoot leads to a depletion of Earth's life supporting natural capital and a buildup of waste. At the global level, ecological deficit and overshoot are the same, since there is no net-import of resources to the planet. Local overshoot occurs when a local ecosystem is exploited more rapidly than it can renew itself. Overshoot also contributes to resource conflicts and wars, mass migrations, famine, disease and other human tragedies—and tends to have a disproportionate impact on the poor, who cannot buy their way out of the problem by getting resources from somewhere else.
Fossil fuel; by examining the true cost of our fossil fuel dependent lifestyle and why humans tend to overexploit natural resources. American consumers and businesses already spend roughly $700 billion to $1 trillion each year on coal, oil and natural gas, and suffer the incalculable costs of pollution from fossil fuels through damage to our health and environment. If America continues along a business-as-usual energy path, U.S. fossil fuel spending is likely to grow, totaling an estimated $23 trillion between 2010 and 2030.
Results are; collapsing fisheries, diminishing forest cover, depletion of fresh water systems, and the buildup of pollution and waste, which creates problems like global climate change. These are just a few of the most noticeable effects of overshoot.
What can we do to help conserve resources and reduce our impact on the planet?
By being more conscious of our Environmental ethics. Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its nonhuman contents. The technological advancement of the human race has allowed us to become the dominant species on Earth. But it is ethically wrong to destroy the living and non-living parts of the Earth’s biosphere for the benefit of the technological advancement of human society. Even though most humans on Earth have some traces of chemicals in their body, At least we have one less concern, is that BPP is not a chemical found in human breast milk.
Managing or ecological assets is essential for humanity’s survival and success. As we have learned, the Earth provides all that we need to live and thrive. So in order to live within our means, we as individuals and institutions worldwide must begin to recognize our ecological limits. We can start by using our decision-making and use human ingenuity to find new ways to live, within the Earth’s bounds. We do this by investing in technology and infrastructure that will allow us to operate in a resource constrained world. Also, by taking individual action, and creating the public demand for businesses and policy makers to participate.
Sustainably
We must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the environment. Some solutions include the following:
· Organic agriculture
· Use of technology in ways to reduce consumption and pollution, by using public transportation whenever possible.
· Biodiversity - Protect species
· Waste disposal - Reduce and reuse
· Alternative fuels
· Changes in mindset and lifestyle
· Go to this website for more ideas on how to live sustainably (click on the link for “Food & Drink”, “House”, “Garden”, “Transport”, “Work”, “Recreation”, “Goods”, “Services” and “Waste”) http://www.naturalstrategies.com.au/sustainable_living_guide/sustainable_living_guide
Sustainability:
· Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth
· Conserves the Earth’s natural resources
· Maintains fully functioning ecological systems
Through sustainable development, we can use resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of resources.
What is being done? Global Footprint Network is pleased to announce the release of the Ecological Footprint Standards 2009. The Standards build on the first set of internationally recognized Ecological Footprint Standards, released in 2006, and include key updates – such as, for the first time, providing standards and guidelines for product and organizational Footprint assessments. National governments using the Footprint are able to:
1. Assess the value of their country’s ecological assets
2. Monitor and manage their assets
3. Identify the risks associated with ecological deficits
4. Set policy that is informed by ecological reality and makes safeguarding resources a top priority
5. Measure progress toward their goals
What the federal government, along with the states, can do to TAKE ACTION to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. They should:
* Reduce the nation’s emissions of global warming pollutants deeply enough to prevent dangerous impacts from global warming, guided by the latest scientific understanding. The United States should adopt an emissions cap and other policies that will reduce global warming pollution by 35 percent below 2005 levels by 2020 and by 80 percent below 2005 levels by 2050, and implement strict rules for carbon “offsets” to ensure that efforts to reduce emissions are successful.
* Ensure that a cap-and-trade program used to achieve those targets directs the revenues gained through the sale of allowances for public purposes. One hundred percent of emission allowances should be auctioned, with the revenues used for investments in clean energy and to benefit consumers.
* Ensure that America generates at least 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power by 2025.
* Strengthen energy efficiency standards and codes for appliances and buildings, with the goal of reducing energy consumption in new buildings by 50 percent by 2020 and ensuring that all new buildings use zero net energy by 2030.
* Promote the development and implementation of clean transportation infrastructure, including improving the fuel economy of light- and heavy-duty vehicles, reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuels, and promoting plug-in vehicles, public transportation and high-speed intercity rail.
* Ramp up investment in solar power through tax credits, specific targets in state renewable electricity standards, requirements for “solar ready homes,” rebate programs, and other measures.
* End subsidies to fossil fuel industries
No human can live on an Earth that does not function. (This is why this course is of most importance.) smile
References:
http://my.uopeople.org/mod/book/view.php?id=2191&chapterid=1700
http://www.environmentamerica.org/home/reports/report-archives/new-energy-future/new-energy-future/the-high-cost-of-fossil-fuels
Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.4 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, it now takes the Earth one year and five months to regenerate what we use in a year. If everyone lived the lifestyle of the average American we would need five planets.
It is stated that the Moderate UN scenarios suggest that if current population and consumption trends continue, by the middle of the next decade we will need the equivalent of two Earths to support us. And of course, we only have one.
Turning resources into waste faster than waste can be turned back into resources puts us in global ecological overshoot, depleting the very resources on which human life and biodiversity depend. Global overshoot occurs when humanity's demand on nature exceeds the biosphere's supply, or regenerative capacity. An overshoot leads to a depletion of Earth's life supporting natural capital and a buildup of waste. At the global level, ecological deficit and overshoot are the same, since there is no net-import of resources to the planet. Local overshoot occurs when a local ecosystem is exploited more rapidly than it can renew itself. Overshoot also contributes to resource conflicts and wars, mass migrations, famine, disease and other human tragedies—and tends to have a disproportionate impact on the poor, who cannot buy their way out of the problem by getting resources from somewhere else.
Fossil fuel; by examining the true cost of our fossil fuel dependent lifestyle and why humans tend to overexploit natural resources. American consumers and businesses already spend roughly $700 billion to $1 trillion each year on coal, oil and natural gas, and suffer the incalculable costs of pollution from fossil fuels through damage to our health and environment. If America continues along a business-as-usual energy path, U.S. fossil fuel spending is likely to grow, totaling an estimated $23 trillion between 2010 and 2030.
Results are; collapsing fisheries, diminishing forest cover, depletion of fresh water systems, and the buildup of pollution and waste, which creates problems like global climate change. These are just a few of the most noticeable effects of overshoot.
What can we do to help conserve resources and reduce our impact on the planet?
By being more conscious of our Environmental ethics. Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its nonhuman contents. The technological advancement of the human race has allowed us to become the dominant species on Earth. But it is ethically wrong to destroy the living and non-living parts of the Earth’s biosphere for the benefit of the technological advancement of human society. Even though most humans on Earth have some traces of chemicals in their body, At least we have one less concern, is that BPP is not a chemical found in human breast milk.
Managing or ecological assets is essential for humanity’s survival and success. As we have learned, the Earth provides all that we need to live and thrive. So in order to live within our means, we as individuals and institutions worldwide must begin to recognize our ecological limits. We can start by using our decision-making and use human ingenuity to find new ways to live, within the Earth’s bounds. We do this by investing in technology and infrastructure that will allow us to operate in a resource constrained world. Also, by taking individual action, and creating the public demand for businesses and policy makers to participate.
Sustainably
We must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the environment. Some solutions include the following:
· Organic agriculture
· Use of technology in ways to reduce consumption and pollution, by using public transportation whenever possible.
· Biodiversity - Protect species
· Waste disposal - Reduce and reuse
· Alternative fuels
· Changes in mindset and lifestyle
· Go to this website for more ideas on how to live sustainably (click on the link for “Food & Drink”, “House”, “Garden”, “Transport”, “Work”, “Recreation”, “Goods”, “Services” and “Waste”) http://www.naturalstrategies.com.au/sustainable_living_guide/sustainable_living_guide
Sustainability:
· Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth
· Conserves the Earth’s natural resources
· Maintains fully functioning ecological systems
Through sustainable development, we can use resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of resources.
What is being done? Global Footprint Network is pleased to announce the release of the Ecological Footprint Standards 2009. The Standards build on the first set of internationally recognized Ecological Footprint Standards, released in 2006, and include key updates – such as, for the first time, providing standards and guidelines for product and organizational Footprint assessments. National governments using the Footprint are able to:
1. Assess the value of their country’s ecological assets
2. Monitor and manage their assets
3. Identify the risks associated with ecological deficits
4. Set policy that is informed by ecological reality and makes safeguarding resources a top priority
5. Measure progress toward their goals
What the federal government, along with the states, can do to TAKE ACTION to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. They should:
* Reduce the nation’s emissions of global warming pollutants deeply enough to prevent dangerous impacts from global warming, guided by the latest scientific understanding. The United States should adopt an emissions cap and other policies that will reduce global warming pollution by 35 percent below 2005 levels by 2020 and by 80 percent below 2005 levels by 2050, and implement strict rules for carbon “offsets” to ensure that efforts to reduce emissions are successful.
* Ensure that a cap-and-trade program used to achieve those targets directs the revenues gained through the sale of allowances for public purposes. One hundred percent of emission allowances should be auctioned, with the revenues used for investments in clean energy and to benefit consumers.
* Ensure that America generates at least 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power by 2025.
* Strengthen energy efficiency standards and codes for appliances and buildings, with the goal of reducing energy consumption in new buildings by 50 percent by 2020 and ensuring that all new buildings use zero net energy by 2030.
* Promote the development and implementation of clean transportation infrastructure, including improving the fuel economy of light- and heavy-duty vehicles, reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuels, and promoting plug-in vehicles, public transportation and high-speed intercity rail.
* Ramp up investment in solar power through tax credits, specific targets in state renewable electricity standards, requirements for “solar ready homes,” rebate programs, and other measures.
* End subsidies to fossil fuel industries
No human can live on an Earth that does not function. (This is why this course is of most importance.) smile
References:
http://my.uopeople.org/mod/book/view.php?id=2191&chapterid=1700
http://www.environmentamerica.org/home/reports/report-archives/new-energy-future/new-energy-future/the-high-cost-of-fossil-fuels
Kamis, 03 Juni 2010
"Volatile Organic compounds"
Just a quick introductory note: the are chemicals called Volatile Organic Compounds and they are what we humans "smell" in almost everything. They are chemicals that have interesting structures and "melt" into the air very easily... and so many of them are suspected to cause cancer.
auto-products -- gold old fashioned Quaker State 10w-30 motor oil. Every engine on this planet earth uses it or a near cousin to it. Every day thousands of gallons of it are drained into the ground, thrown away in the trash, or burned in bulk burners. This waste oil usually has a nigh amount of gasoline or diesel residue. It poisons soil. It fouls and contaminates ground water. Burning it releases all manner of benzenes and Volatile Organic Compoounds into the air. It is painfully easy to recycle but people use and abuse this material with abandon.
inside homes -- air fresheners. Fabreze, Glade, Airwick are all names we recognize. People are obsessed with spraying all manner of perfumes in the home but they are unconscious to the organic chemistry involved. All these products in spray and solid form are "Volatile organic compounds" with means they are usually chemicals with interesting chemical bonding arrangements. These chemicals have a way of working their way into the body where they are incorporated into organs, and cells and cause cancer -- thats right, VOCs are typically carcinogenics.
pesticides -- Decon, VetKem, Ortho insecticides almost all brands use chemicals called pyrethins. This material is actually natural and comes from the chrysanthemum flow (and almost all production comes from the country of Kenya.) Pyrethins kill bugs by acting on the nerve systems... they are what makes the bugs lay on their backs and twitch as they die. They are a potent nerve toxin and would probably be very poisonous to people if they were misused. But they breakdown easily in the environment. They are non-selective which means they are extremely toxic to honey bees which make modern agriculture possible.
landscape-yard -- defoliants and herbicides all come from a plant growth hormone called triiodobenzoic acid which was discovered in 1943. Basically it causes plant to "kick into overdrive" when the plant is young so it consumes its own sugars faster than it make it. The plant (undesirable weeds) grow themselves to death by burnout. This is not a problem. During the Vietnam War triiodobenzoic acid was used as "agent Orange" to defoliate whole forests by spraying from airplanes. The problem was that the triiodobenzoic acid was contaminated with another chemical called dioxins which cause severe birth defects. This material was in many, many products in use all over the world but no one had ever been exposed to the high concentrations of it before Viet Nam. It was the horrible documented cases of severe birth defects that called peoples attention to the dioxins. Dioxin contamination is found in soil and water all over the world even today from the heavy usage of 50 years ago.
personal care -- perfumes. Perfumes, like air fresheners, are full of Volatile organic compounds. Womens and men apply these pretty colored beautifully smelling materials directly to their skin with no consideration whatsoever that they are painting themselves with carcinogens. home maintenance -- oven cleaners, degreasers, gunk removers, stain remover are all mixtures of distillates of petroleum... thats right, the Volatile Organic compounds again! Benzenes, Alkenes, ethers! Everything you could imagine going into the air but also going down the drain to contaminate the ground water supply of your local community. How many times do we have to say that VOCs are carcinogens?
arts and crafts -- almost all paint now is some form of microscopic acrylics and plastics in a glue but for hundreds of years they were chemical salts of heavy metals in a glue or resin. Chrome, Cadmium, Lead, uranium, copper were the dominant metals used in paint chemistry. Children's
paint sets were judged high quality by the extensive array of colors they contained. people painted as a hobby or as a job. people washed the paints down the drain. The water is polluted with heavy metals. Heavy metals cause organ and nerve damage in mammals, fish, amphibians...
pet care -- every animal is plagued by insects. these insects carry disease as viruses, bacteria, and ever microscopic organisms. The way to keep your pet or your livestock safe and healthy is to treat them with insecticides. What is the seed of almost all insecticides? Pyrethins!! What was it? A Neuro-Toxin!! It is a matter of risks and benefits. clearly pyrethins when used in the correct and safe manner are a beneficial material keeping insect borne diseases in check.
home office -- freon dusters. For years in the United states and Europe you could buy cans of "air" to blow away dust from electronic devices and computer equipment. These were cans of Freon R12 which was the same material in car air conditioner systems. This material, in the presence of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere knocks the third oxygen atom off of the Ozone molecule with almost no input energy. No on wants to believe that their little can of dusting agent caused the whole in the Ozone layer but how else did the Freon get there?
auto-products -- gold old fashioned Quaker State 10w-30 motor oil. Every engine on this planet earth uses it or a near cousin to it. Every day thousands of gallons of it are drained into the ground, thrown away in the trash, or burned in bulk burners. This waste oil usually has a nigh amount of gasoline or diesel residue. It poisons soil. It fouls and contaminates ground water. Burning it releases all manner of benzenes and Volatile Organic Compoounds into the air. It is painfully easy to recycle but people use and abuse this material with abandon.
inside homes -- air fresheners. Fabreze, Glade, Airwick are all names we recognize. People are obsessed with spraying all manner of perfumes in the home but they are unconscious to the organic chemistry involved. All these products in spray and solid form are "Volatile organic compounds" with means they are usually chemicals with interesting chemical bonding arrangements. These chemicals have a way of working their way into the body where they are incorporated into organs, and cells and cause cancer -- thats right, VOCs are typically carcinogenics.
pesticides -- Decon, VetKem, Ortho insecticides almost all brands use chemicals called pyrethins. This material is actually natural and comes from the chrysanthemum flow (and almost all production comes from the country of Kenya.) Pyrethins kill bugs by acting on the nerve systems... they are what makes the bugs lay on their backs and twitch as they die. They are a potent nerve toxin and would probably be very poisonous to people if they were misused. But they breakdown easily in the environment. They are non-selective which means they are extremely toxic to honey bees which make modern agriculture possible.
landscape-yard -- defoliants and herbicides all come from a plant growth hormone called triiodobenzoic acid which was discovered in 1943. Basically it causes plant to "kick into overdrive" when the plant is young so it consumes its own sugars faster than it make it. The plant (undesirable weeds) grow themselves to death by burnout. This is not a problem. During the Vietnam War triiodobenzoic acid was used as "agent Orange" to defoliate whole forests by spraying from airplanes. The problem was that the triiodobenzoic acid was contaminated with another chemical called dioxins which cause severe birth defects. This material was in many, many products in use all over the world but no one had ever been exposed to the high concentrations of it before Viet Nam. It was the horrible documented cases of severe birth defects that called peoples attention to the dioxins. Dioxin contamination is found in soil and water all over the world even today from the heavy usage of 50 years ago.
personal care -- perfumes. Perfumes, like air fresheners, are full of Volatile organic compounds. Womens and men apply these pretty colored beautifully smelling materials directly to their skin with no consideration whatsoever that they are painting themselves with carcinogens. home maintenance -- oven cleaners, degreasers, gunk removers, stain remover are all mixtures of distillates of petroleum... thats right, the Volatile Organic compounds again! Benzenes, Alkenes, ethers! Everything you could imagine going into the air but also going down the drain to contaminate the ground water supply of your local community. How many times do we have to say that VOCs are carcinogens?
arts and crafts -- almost all paint now is some form of microscopic acrylics and plastics in a glue but for hundreds of years they were chemical salts of heavy metals in a glue or resin. Chrome, Cadmium, Lead, uranium, copper were the dominant metals used in paint chemistry. Children's
paint sets were judged high quality by the extensive array of colors they contained. people painted as a hobby or as a job. people washed the paints down the drain. The water is polluted with heavy metals. Heavy metals cause organ and nerve damage in mammals, fish, amphibians...
pet care -- every animal is plagued by insects. these insects carry disease as viruses, bacteria, and ever microscopic organisms. The way to keep your pet or your livestock safe and healthy is to treat them with insecticides. What is the seed of almost all insecticides? Pyrethins!! What was it? A Neuro-Toxin!! It is a matter of risks and benefits. clearly pyrethins when used in the correct and safe manner are a beneficial material keeping insect borne diseases in check.
home office -- freon dusters. For years in the United states and Europe you could buy cans of "air" to blow away dust from electronic devices and computer equipment. These were cans of Freon R12 which was the same material in car air conditioner systems. This material, in the presence of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere knocks the third oxygen atom off of the Ozone molecule with almost no input energy. No on wants to believe that their little can of dusting agent caused the whole in the Ozone layer but how else did the Freon get there?
Auto products
Air Freshener Glade Car Scented Oil, Ocean Blue
Manufacturer: SC Johnson, Inc.
May cause moderate eye irritation, mouth, throat and stomach irritation, or drying/defatting of skin. So, has a moderate effect on human health. Not surprising, since just like any product of chemical production, should be handled carefully, considering that direct irritation with human body will have rather negative, though, in this case, not severe damage.
Landscape/Yard
Tile Cleaner Aqua Mix Concentrated Tile Cleaner
Manufacturer: Aqua Mix, Inc.
Used for Home maintenance
Vapors or mists may irritate nose or throat. Prolonged or repeated contact may cause dryness of skin. May cause nausea and/or diarrhea, some discomfort of the digestive tract.
Though the products has minimal health effect, it still, like any product of chemical production, should be handled carefully. It’s logical, not surprising.
Arts & Crafts
Rainbow Rock Tie Dye used in arts and crafts
Manufacturer: Duncan Enterprises
Contact with eyes and skin may result in irritation. Ingestion may result in gastric disturbances. Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation. The manufacturer, however, does not provide any information about the effect on health. Therefore, it is not something I would trust.
Inside The Home
Calgon Water Softener (Liquid)
Manufacturer: Reckitt Benckiser, Inc.
Eye irritant. Product not tested for inhalation toxicity. Harmful if swallowed. May cause skin irritation.
In general, has a moderate health effect. Not surprising, since just like any product of chemical production, should be handled carefully, considering that direct irritation with human body will have rather negative effect.
Personal Care
Pampers Baby Dry Diapers Size 4, 22-37 lbs
Product Category: Personal Care » Babies & Kids » diapers
Manufacturer: Procter & Gamble Co. No information regarding effect on health is provided by the manufacturer of this product. No wonder – what company would tell if a product for babies is dangerous? So, we never know… That is sad. If the product was absolutely safe, they would, I believe, directly write it on the packaging.
Pet Care
Farnam Fresh & Free Fabric Freshener & Flea Control
Product Category: Pet Care » Flea & Tick Control (indoor/outdoor) » indoor
Excessive inhalation can cause nasal and respiratory irritation. Can also cause headaches and dizziness.
Ingestion can cause stomach irritation, resulting in nausea, cramps, and vomiting.
Can cause temporary irritation, tearing, and blurred vision.
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause mild dermatitis
Not surprising – if it kills fleas, it can, in a proper amount, kill a human.
Pesticides
Product Name: Cutter Pocket-Size Outdoorsman Insect Repellent Lotion
Product Category: Personal Care » Skin Care » insect repellent
Harmful if swallowed. May cause eye injury.
Has a moderate effect on health. Not surprising – any product of our chemical industry should be used carefully.
Home Maintenance
Product Name: Behr Premium Plus No. 558 Interior Flat Ceiling Paint
Manufacturer: Behr Process Corp.
Product Category: Home maintenance » Ceiling » paint, acrylic latex
his product contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. Harmful if swallowed. Contains: ethylene glycol. May cause eye, nose and throat irritation. Vapor odors may cause irritation in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, nausea, headaches, and dizziness. Available toxicology, chemical and physical data show that overexposure is unlikely to aggravate any medical condition.
And thought this product is known to cause cancer and birth defects, what I wonder is why such products are still on the market!?!?
Home Office
Product Name: Sharpie Ultra Fine Point Permanent Marker, All Colors
Product Category: permanent markers
Manufacturer: Sanford Corporation
This product is considered safe under normal use conditions.
Well, here is where I get surprised. Considering it contains certain chemicals, I wonder how it has totally no effect on human health. Or we just arent’ told about it: “No information provided by manufacturer”?????
Air Freshener Glade Car Scented Oil, Ocean Blue
Manufacturer: SC Johnson, Inc.
May cause moderate eye irritation, mouth, throat and stomach irritation, or drying/defatting of skin. So, has a moderate effect on human health. Not surprising, since just like any product of chemical production, should be handled carefully, considering that direct irritation with human body will have rather negative, though, in this case, not severe damage.
Landscape/Yard
Tile Cleaner Aqua Mix Concentrated Tile Cleaner
Manufacturer: Aqua Mix, Inc.
Used for Home maintenance
Vapors or mists may irritate nose or throat. Prolonged or repeated contact may cause dryness of skin. May cause nausea and/or diarrhea, some discomfort of the digestive tract.
Though the products has minimal health effect, it still, like any product of chemical production, should be handled carefully. It’s logical, not surprising.
Arts & Crafts
Rainbow Rock Tie Dye used in arts and crafts
Manufacturer: Duncan Enterprises
Contact with eyes and skin may result in irritation. Ingestion may result in gastric disturbances. Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation. The manufacturer, however, does not provide any information about the effect on health. Therefore, it is not something I would trust.
Inside The Home
Calgon Water Softener (Liquid)
Manufacturer: Reckitt Benckiser, Inc.
Eye irritant. Product not tested for inhalation toxicity. Harmful if swallowed. May cause skin irritation.
In general, has a moderate health effect. Not surprising, since just like any product of chemical production, should be handled carefully, considering that direct irritation with human body will have rather negative effect.
Personal Care
Pampers Baby Dry Diapers Size 4, 22-37 lbs
Product Category: Personal Care » Babies & Kids » diapers
Manufacturer: Procter & Gamble Co. No information regarding effect on health is provided by the manufacturer of this product. No wonder – what company would tell if a product for babies is dangerous? So, we never know… That is sad. If the product was absolutely safe, they would, I believe, directly write it on the packaging.
Pet Care
Farnam Fresh & Free Fabric Freshener & Flea Control
Product Category: Pet Care » Flea & Tick Control (indoor/outdoor) » indoor
Excessive inhalation can cause nasal and respiratory irritation. Can also cause headaches and dizziness.
Ingestion can cause stomach irritation, resulting in nausea, cramps, and vomiting.
Can cause temporary irritation, tearing, and blurred vision.
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause mild dermatitis
Not surprising – if it kills fleas, it can, in a proper amount, kill a human.
Pesticides
Product Name: Cutter Pocket-Size Outdoorsman Insect Repellent Lotion
Product Category: Personal Care » Skin Care » insect repellent
Harmful if swallowed. May cause eye injury.
Has a moderate effect on health. Not surprising – any product of our chemical industry should be used carefully.
Home Maintenance
Product Name: Behr Premium Plus No. 558 Interior Flat Ceiling Paint
Manufacturer: Behr Process Corp.
Product Category: Home maintenance » Ceiling » paint, acrylic latex
his product contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. Harmful if swallowed. Contains: ethylene glycol. May cause eye, nose and throat irritation. Vapor odors may cause irritation in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, nausea, headaches, and dizziness. Available toxicology, chemical and physical data show that overexposure is unlikely to aggravate any medical condition.
And thought this product is known to cause cancer and birth defects, what I wonder is why such products are still on the market!?!?
Home Office
Product Name: Sharpie Ultra Fine Point Permanent Marker, All Colors
Product Category: permanent markers
Manufacturer: Sanford Corporation
This product is considered safe under normal use conditions.
Well, here is where I get surprised. Considering it contains certain chemicals, I wonder how it has totally no effect on human health. Or we just arent’ told about it: “No information provided by manufacturer”?????
Human effect produced by products we use.
Every day brings us the new tasks doing which we must deal with various products. Are there any genera typical rules to be adhered during use of these products? Is knowledge an essential element, or maybe it is better to save time not looking into the products’ manuals. Following are 9 products from different categories and by different producers. What common do they have?
1) First Product taken from the Auto products category is Auto Air Conditioning Refrigerant 134a 12 oz. This product is manufactured by Interdynamics, Inc for charging the refrigeration devices. The product is under the pressure and can be treated with care not incinerated and heated. To be kept out of reach of children as there are many limitations in its use. Actually this product does not belong to the group of toxic products, however it can explode if exposed to heat, it may cause damage of overcooling if exposed to the body. It is really surprising to me, that seemingly safe product can cause damage to body and even kill a person, if used incorrectly.
2) Reference
Household Products Database. (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=9005001
Second product represents Inside the Home category. The selected product is Comet Limescale Remover produced by Prestige Brands Company, used in bathroom for removal comet and limestone. This product can cause skin irritation. May cause the eye irritation effect similar with soap. Produces no Chronic Health effects, no carcinogenic effects.
It seems strange that this product characterized as having no inhalation effects due to its liquid nature. Personally I have experience when similar products exposed on leafing aluminum reacted with it producing complete decomposition delivering specific chemical smell.
Reference
Household Products Database . (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=16003030
3) Next product belongs to the pesticides category. It is Monsanto Aqua Master Herbicide produced by Monsanto Company. Herbicide is used to kill the weed. It is a powder dissolved in water and then to be sprinkled on the weeds. This product is considered non toxic however hazardous for humans and animals. All works to be done in protective clothes. Body to be carefully cleaned afterwards. This product has Acute oral toxicity, if all use recommendation adhered to the product it is practically safe. Carcinogenicity: From MSDS quoted as none known. There is another recommendation "keep out of drains, sewers, ditches and water ways."
It is strange that this product is described as non toxic and so strict safety rules should be adhered. Most evidently its long time effect has not been completely studied, and it is dangerous for leaking into ground waters.
Reference
Household Products Database. (2010) . Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=13019013
4) Next product belongs to the Masonry/Stone category. It is Quikrete Bulk Masonry Mortars No. 1162. It is a mortar which is usually used for masonry works in construction. The producer of this mortar is Quikrete Companies. Mortars usually exposed to moisture and then become alkaline. It is dangerous by irritating skin, especially careful to be with eyes. Dust is dangerous for the upper respiratory system. Toxic effects are noted on animals.
It is new for me, that such commonly used in construction product is so dangerous because of silica moreover it is carcinogenic "there is evidence that exposure to reparable silica or the disease silicosis is associated with an increased incidence of Scleroderma, tuberculosis and kidney disorders."
Reference
Household Products Database. (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=17002080
5) Next product belongs to the Personal Care category. It is Boss No. 6 Cologne by Hugo Boss For Men-Old Product. The manufacturer of this product is well known Procter & Gamble Co. This product has practically no warnings, except of possible skin irritation. However it is a fragrance and should be treated appropriately, safe from eye contact, not inhaled. This product has no chronic effects given, no information given about carcinogenicity.
Personally I used this product and I'm pleased that this product is safe. However I didn’t know that it can produce skin irritation.
Reference
Household Products Database . (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=16003455
6) Next product belongs to the Home Maintenance Category. It is Champion Sprayon Paint Off. The manufacturer of this product is Chase Products Co. This aerosol product is used for removal of the old paint, a very useful product at home. However this product has many dangerous effects, it is strong irritant and carcinogen. "Carcinogenicity Effects - Methylene chloride has been shown to increase the rate of spontaneously occurring malignant tumors in one strain of laboratory mouse and benign tumors in laboratory rats." It can really be frustrating after using this product and exposing to develop irritation or even cancer.
Reference
Household Products Database . (2010).Household Products Database - Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=3028059
7) Next product belongs to the Home Arts & Crafts Category. It is Loctite Extra Time Epoxy-02/05/2002. The manufacturer of this product is Henkel Consumer Adhesives Div., The Henkel Group. This commonly used product seems dangerous as contains polymercaptan amine and nonylphenol. The eye contact to be avoided. It can produce acute health effects because of its toxicity: it is irritant cause skin burns may not be inhaled, it is allergic. It is not carcinogenic and has no chronic health effects.
Really usual glue and can cause allergy! It is new for me!
Reference
Ntp. (2010) Household Products Database - Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=8019001
8) Next product belongs to the Pet Care Category. It is Cat Away Indoor & Outdoor Repellent Pump Spray. The manufacturer of this product is Farnam Companies, Inc.Div. Central Life Sciences. One of the main warnings is not to treat pet near food. The other caution is to keep out of reach of children. To be avoided contact especially with eyes. It is not to be exposed to flame, due to risk of burns. The potential health effect is in swallowing and breathing vapors. It produces no chronic health effects, not carcinogenic.
All the cautions given are reasonable, and it is not surprising for me that the elementary caution rules are needed.
Reference
Household Products Database -. (2010). Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=6010047
9) Next product belongs to the Home Office Category. It is HP Inkjet Printing Ink Cartridge C9369 - No. 99 Black, Cyan, Magenta. The manufacturer of this product is Hewlett-Packard Company. Main hazard of this products brings exposure to the components 2-Pyrrolidone, 1,5-Pentanediol, ethyl alkyldiol, alkyldiol ethoxylate, substituted phthalocyanine salt. Each of these elements is dangerous for health especially for eyes causing irritation, and swallowing. Substituted phthalocyanine salt can produce chronic effects: "Prolonged ingestion exposure may cause damage to health."Non carcinogenic.
The danger is of cartridge ink is not surprising to me. May be this danger even diminished, as I know that inks inhalation at printing can produce dangerous leaver diseases.
Reference
Household Products Database. (2010). Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=8020033
Taking to consideration the above findings I came to conclusion, that some information thereof manuals is slightly surprising to me, so the recommendation is: always read manual to the new product. Next recommendation is common to the whole group - never give products to children, expose on food products, inhale and swallow. The third recommendation is always wash your hands after use. The fourth is if you may have got some more serious damage go to the doctor.
1) First Product taken from the Auto products category is Auto Air Conditioning Refrigerant 134a 12 oz. This product is manufactured by Interdynamics, Inc for charging the refrigeration devices. The product is under the pressure and can be treated with care not incinerated and heated. To be kept out of reach of children as there are many limitations in its use. Actually this product does not belong to the group of toxic products, however it can explode if exposed to heat, it may cause damage of overcooling if exposed to the body. It is really surprising to me, that seemingly safe product can cause damage to body and even kill a person, if used incorrectly.
2) Reference
Household Products Database. (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=9005001
Second product represents Inside the Home category. The selected product is Comet Limescale Remover produced by Prestige Brands Company, used in bathroom for removal comet and limestone. This product can cause skin irritation. May cause the eye irritation effect similar with soap. Produces no Chronic Health effects, no carcinogenic effects.
It seems strange that this product characterized as having no inhalation effects due to its liquid nature. Personally I have experience when similar products exposed on leafing aluminum reacted with it producing complete decomposition delivering specific chemical smell.
Reference
Household Products Database . (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=16003030
3) Next product belongs to the pesticides category. It is Monsanto Aqua Master Herbicide produced by Monsanto Company. Herbicide is used to kill the weed. It is a powder dissolved in water and then to be sprinkled on the weeds. This product is considered non toxic however hazardous for humans and animals. All works to be done in protective clothes. Body to be carefully cleaned afterwards. This product has Acute oral toxicity, if all use recommendation adhered to the product it is practically safe. Carcinogenicity: From MSDS quoted as none known. There is another recommendation "keep out of drains, sewers, ditches and water ways."
It is strange that this product is described as non toxic and so strict safety rules should be adhered. Most evidently its long time effect has not been completely studied, and it is dangerous for leaking into ground waters.
Reference
Household Products Database. (2010) . Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=13019013
4) Next product belongs to the Masonry/Stone category. It is Quikrete Bulk Masonry Mortars No. 1162. It is a mortar which is usually used for masonry works in construction. The producer of this mortar is Quikrete Companies. Mortars usually exposed to moisture and then become alkaline. It is dangerous by irritating skin, especially careful to be with eyes. Dust is dangerous for the upper respiratory system. Toxic effects are noted on animals.
It is new for me, that such commonly used in construction product is so dangerous because of silica moreover it is carcinogenic "there is evidence that exposure to reparable silica or the disease silicosis is associated with an increased incidence of Scleroderma, tuberculosis and kidney disorders."
Reference
Household Products Database. (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=17002080
5) Next product belongs to the Personal Care category. It is Boss No. 6 Cologne by Hugo Boss For Men-Old Product. The manufacturer of this product is well known Procter & Gamble Co. This product has practically no warnings, except of possible skin irritation. However it is a fragrance and should be treated appropriately, safe from eye contact, not inhaled. This product has no chronic effects given, no information given about carcinogenicity.
Personally I used this product and I'm pleased that this product is safe. However I didn’t know that it can produce skin irritation.
Reference
Household Products Database . (2010) Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=16003455
6) Next product belongs to the Home Maintenance Category. It is Champion Sprayon Paint Off. The manufacturer of this product is Chase Products Co. This aerosol product is used for removal of the old paint, a very useful product at home. However this product has many dangerous effects, it is strong irritant and carcinogen. "Carcinogenicity Effects - Methylene chloride has been shown to increase the rate of spontaneously occurring malignant tumors in one strain of laboratory mouse and benign tumors in laboratory rats." It can really be frustrating after using this product and exposing to develop irritation or even cancer.
Reference
Household Products Database . (2010).Household Products Database - Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=3028059
7) Next product belongs to the Home Arts & Crafts Category. It is Loctite Extra Time Epoxy-02/05/2002. The manufacturer of this product is Henkel Consumer Adhesives Div., The Henkel Group. This commonly used product seems dangerous as contains polymercaptan amine and nonylphenol. The eye contact to be avoided. It can produce acute health effects because of its toxicity: it is irritant cause skin burns may not be inhaled, it is allergic. It is not carcinogenic and has no chronic health effects.
Really usual glue and can cause allergy! It is new for me!
Reference
Ntp. (2010) Household Products Database - Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=8019001
8) Next product belongs to the Pet Care Category. It is Cat Away Indoor & Outdoor Repellent Pump Spray. The manufacturer of this product is Farnam Companies, Inc.Div. Central Life Sciences. One of the main warnings is not to treat pet near food. The other caution is to keep out of reach of children. To be avoided contact especially with eyes. It is not to be exposed to flame, due to risk of burns. The potential health effect is in swallowing and breathing vapors. It produces no chronic health effects, not carcinogenic.
All the cautions given are reasonable, and it is not surprising for me that the elementary caution rules are needed.
Reference
Household Products Database -. (2010). Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=6010047
9) Next product belongs to the Home Office Category. It is HP Inkjet Printing Ink Cartridge C9369 - No. 99 Black, Cyan, Magenta. The manufacturer of this product is Hewlett-Packard Company. Main hazard of this products brings exposure to the components 2-Pyrrolidone, 1,5-Pentanediol, ethyl alkyldiol, alkyldiol ethoxylate, substituted phthalocyanine salt. Each of these elements is dangerous for health especially for eyes causing irritation, and swallowing. Substituted phthalocyanine salt can produce chronic effects: "Prolonged ingestion exposure may cause damage to health."Non carcinogenic.
The danger is of cartridge ink is not surprising to me. May be this danger even diminished, as I know that inks inhalation at printing can produce dangerous leaver diseases.
Reference
Household Products Database. (2010). Health and Safety Information on Household Products. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=brands&id=8020033
Taking to consideration the above findings I came to conclusion, that some information thereof manuals is slightly surprising to me, so the recommendation is: always read manual to the new product. Next recommendation is common to the whole group - never give products to children, expose on food products, inhale and swallow. The third recommendation is always wash your hands after use. The fourth is if you may have got some more serious damage go to the doctor.
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